CHAPTER 8

Quantitative and Indices based Interpretation of Rorschach test:

Quantitative and Indices based Interpretation of Rorschach Inkblot test:

The quantitative/ indices based interpretation of Rorschach responses of Klopfer, Beck and Exner’s systems are almost similar. The Klopfer’s interpretation is given in detail. However the interpretations of the Beck and Exner’s indices are explained in an earlier chapter in brief. Those interested may refer to the systems of Klopfer, Beck or Exner’s for detailed interpretation.

Brief Interpretation of Rorschach Indices:

Brief interpretation of Rorschach indices with high or low scores is given ahead. These are common to almost all systems with little variation on emphasis of particular indices.

High (W): A high number of W responses may relate to a person’s ability to synthesize and organize the environment. It also reflects the individual’s intellectual activity when quality of W is good. A high W is also related to oral tendencies or regression.

Low W: A low number of W responses may suggest low degree of interest in seeking relationships between the separate facts of experience and achieving an organized view of the world (Klopfer et al, 1954). A low W is also seen in depressive patients. If the quality of W is extremely low, it may indicate serious maladjustment and at times brain damage.

High DW: DW responses are overgeneralization and a strong indication of Schizophrenia.

High D: A high number of D responses may suggest that the person sacrifices the full use of his intellectual ability by focusing on the safe and obvious rather than probing into the more novel.

Low D: A low number of D may signify the high level of stress in the individuals.

High Dd: A high number of D responses may indicate an attempt of the individual to narrow their perception of their environment to make what is perceived more congruent with their inner world. This can be an anxiety reducing mechanism.

Space (S): A high numbers of space responses is consistent with negativism, difficulty in handling anger and oppositional tendencies.

High pure form (F): A high F may indicate high defenses in order to control undue affects.

Low pure form (F): A low F may suggest that a person’s turmoil is unduly high and reflects the individual’s attempt to screen out affective responses to a stressful situation.

High M: A high number of M responses with good Form quality are associated with high IQ, fantasy, creativity and good interpersonal relationship. High M is also correlated with introversive style of personality.

Low M: A low M responses may indicate low creativity and passive interpersonal relationship.

High FM: A High number of FM responses may indicate that such individuals are governed by their needs and want immediate gratification.

Low FM: A low FM responses is generally observed in those who are inhibited and deny their basic needs.

High m (Inanimate movement: A high number of m responses may warn the presence of tension and unresolved conflicts.

High C: A high number of C responses may suggest that such individuals may have problems in handling their emotions and be impulsive.

High Cn: A Cn responses may indicate presence of organic impairment.

Low C: A Low C may indicate good control over their emotions.

High FC: A high number of FC responses may indicate that such individuals tend to be guided by reality and have control over their emotions.

Low FC: A low FC responses may indicate that the person is guided more by emotions than reality.

High C’: A high number of achromatic responses may indicate constrained emotions from underlying depression frequently present in anxiety neurotics.

High T: A high number of Texture responses may indicate intense needs for affection and dependency.

Low T: A low number of T responses may indicate emotional impoverishment.

High V: A high number of vista responses may indicate self critical introspection as well feelings of inferiority.

Low V: A low number of vista responses may indicate the tendency to introspect.

High Y: A high number of shading responses may indicate anxiety and constrained expression of emotion.

High FD: A high FD responses may indicate ability of good introspection, self awareness and ability to delay and internalize behavior.

High Rf or Fr: A high reflection responses may indicate feelings of self absorption and inflated sense of self worth.

High H: The presence of high H response may indicate interest in people, high self esteem and sign of good interpersonal skills.

Low H: A low number of human responses may indicate low level of empathy and poor interpersonal skills.

High A: A high number of animal responses may indicate that the person has stereotype manner of approaching the world, immature thinking and aggressive attitude. Individuals who lack closeness to other people may either reject blots or may perceive more of animal contents.

High An: A high number of anatomical responses may indicate somatic preoccupation, and associated somatic symptoms.

High P: A high number of popular responses may indicate popular view of world with social standards. Often such individuals may have conventional way of thinking and associated with human relationships.

Low P: A low number of P responses may indicate that the person has non conformity of social norms, away from reality and sign of psychosis.

High morbid response: May indicate negative self imagery and depressive feelings.

Good form response: A high number of good Form responses (X+ %) may indicate reality contact with surrounding.

Poor form or minus form (X-): A poor Form responses (X-) may indicate that the individual has distorted perception of reality.

Klopfer’s Method:

The theory of projection deals whatever the person has projected in forms of responses. You cannot ask the subject to give more human or other responses, whatever system of Rorschach administration you are going to follow. Probably the content analysis or psychoanalytic interpretation of the responses is the only way to handle such fundamental problems (Cassell and Dubey, 2003). However, the Klopfer’s interpretation as described by Klopfer et al, (1954) is given ahead.

Quantitative Analysis:

Rorschach protocol is interpreted mainly in two steps: quantitative analysis and sequence analysis. The qualitative analysis is described ahead in short. For sequence analysis reader should consult Klopfer (1954, pages 317-351). It is important to consider the relationship between the various scoring indices for understanding of the personality profile of the subject. The clinical skills of the therapist/psychologist, works in integrating various findings of Rorschach with case history information and other psychological tests.

Interpretation of the Psychogram:

The examiner has to interpret the psychogram in the light of the meaning of various determinants described by Klopfer (1954, Vol.1, pages 252-287). It is important to deal each determinant separately and then to see the Psychogram in three main areas: Movement, Shadings and Colors. It is also important to see if the responses are distributed over the three main areas or bulking over one.

1. It the responses tend to bulk in the left half of the Psychogram, it may indicate that the person has high imaginative ability and restructures external reality through his own contribution.

2. If the responses tend to bulk in the right half of the psychogram, it may indicate that the person is responding freely to external reality and depends more on the external stimuli while perceiving. Those with bulk loading on the left half are relatively perceiver-determined and loading on the right half of the psychogram might be stimulus-determined the terms introversive and extroversive are used to describe these two modes of perception in Rorschach.

3. If the responses tend to bulk in the center (F) it may indicates that the person has limited kind of perception with a limited view of his world.

Interpretation of M:

The M may indicate imaginative ability, empathy with others and well developed ego functioning. It indicates free access to fantasy, good contact with reality, high level of emotional integration and a source of creative energies. It helps in understanding the functioning of personality.

An additional M's indicate potential resources of imaginative and empathetic capacity upon which the individual is hesitant to draw, usually because of inhibitions resulting from internal conflicts. A few or no M even as additional response, may indicate the degree of availability of the unused resources. It is suggested that the well-adjusted adult should have three or more M responses. This is in fact a most controversial concept given by Klopfer et al (1956) because in clinical practices, many subjects do not perceive three or more M responses and as such these protocols cannot be interpreted. Although, it is impossible to interpret M without reference to other determinants, contents and Form level. The M helps in assessing the following personality traits:

The high number of M responses with good form level and good quality may reflect the signs of high intellectual capacity. An individual capable of a fairly high level of differentiation and integration in his perceptual and cognitive functions can produce M responses. An inability to see M may indicate lack of intellectual differentiation. The young children, mentally subnormal and deteriorated organics rarely perceive M responses. Some individuals with a high level of intellectual capacity may fail to perceive M responses because of the emotional factors are interfering with the empathy with other people.

The high number of M responses may indicate high level of imagination which is also related to fantasy and creativity. The psychoanalytic usage of the term fantasy refers to "unconscious fantasy". The individual may go back in time and project responses which may have relationship with past pleasant or unpleasant experiences that may take the form of fantasy. Such responses can be interpreted psychoanalytically though Klopfer’s system has not given much importance to psychoanalytic interpretation.

While interpreting the protocol of children, one should not forget that children often see more FM responses than M because they feel more comfortable to express their conscious fantasy through animals than human being. In such situation FM may not be the true reflection of impulses and inner value.

(C) Inner Stability:

The imaginative processes indicated by M may reflect as an aid to adjustment and stability during stress by channelizing the inner resources to avoid uncontrolled impulses. All M with good form level indicate adjustment and stability while M with minus Form level indicates a breakdown of the control function, an inability to integrate inner experience with reality. More than five M with good Form level in an introversive record and more than three M with good Form level in an extroversive record may indicate presence of inner control.

(d) Self-Acceptance:

When M's appear in optimal relationship with FM's and both M and FM are well represented, it may indicate individual’s ability to integrate between his long-range value system and impulse life so that both can exist concurrently without feelings of guilt or frustration. The self-accepting individual is more with himself, lacking inner conflict and capable of deferring gratifications without feeling of frustration.

(e) Empathy:

The perception of human figures may indicate the capacity for good empathetic relationships with others. Individuals who have had poor relationships with parents are unable to see M responses. Individuals with poor relationships with their mother find difficult to see adult female figures and those with poor relationships with their father find difficult to see adult male figures. Individuals who lack closeness to other people may either reject blots projecting human responses or may perceive more of animal contents. The content with Hd, (H) or (Hd) may indicate hostile and critical tendencies, which are obstructing free-flowing empathy.

(f) The Self-Concept:

The quality and content of M reflects individuals’ self and his social environment. The content analysis of the human figures in different action such as hostile and aggressive, constructive and cooperative, may help in understanding individuals’ self-concept. M responses with minus Form-level rating may be indicative of defective ego organization.

Interpretation of FM:

FM responses may indicate an awareness of impulses to immediate gratification rather than realistic goals. The relationship of M to FM is most important for understanding the expression of behavior.

The presence of FM in great numbers may indicate that the individual is self-aware of the impulses which need immediate gratification. When the FM responses are scored as additional, it may indicate that the individual tends to suppress his primitive impulses by making a conscious attempt to keep them from awareness. However, the large number of FM should be interpreted in relation to FC: CF balance. The high FM in absence of CF may indicate self-acceptance and frustration.

Interpretation of m:

The presence of one or two m is considered a favorable sing of adjustment. Well-adjusted people tend to give low m responses as they have integrated their impulse life with their self and value system. The presence of more than two m responses may reflect awareness of forces outside the control of the individual, which threaten the integrity of his personality organization. The m may indicate tension and conflict between the impulse life and the long-range goals. The m may also reflect repressive need and a feeling of helplessness and serve as a warning signal that threatens the ego-structure by breaking up the integration. A fairly large number of m responses are signs of hostile forces and an indication of difficulty in adjustment. However, the ratio of m to M and FM, and FC: CF must be considered while interpreting m responses.

Interpretation of K and KF:

By giving the K or KF response the person uses shading to give a diffuse, unstructured but three-dimensional effect to the blot stimulus. The shading responses may indicate the way in which the individual handles his primary needs for security and needs for affection and belongingness. The K and KF may indicate anxiety of a diffuse and free floating type and a frustration of affectional needs. However, it will indicate anxiety if there are more than three K responses or if, the undifferentiated shading responses exceed the differentiated shading responses.

Interpretation of FK:

By giving FK response the individual is using shading to give the inkblot stimulus a structured and three-dimensional effect. The FK may indicate individual’s attempt to handle his affectional anxiety. FK in reasonable numbers, indicate good adjustment, although the balance of FK to F and Fc is important to consider this. Over production of FK indicates affectional anxiety.

Interpretation of k, kF, and Fk:

The k (small k) responses have somewhat similar implication and indicate affectional anxiety and generally it is found with persons who cover up their anxiety with an intellectual cloak. The Fk (cap F small k)is often seen in persons who are trying unsuccessfully to handle their anxiety by intellectual means, but who don’t have emotional insight to deal effectively with their problems. Such person knows exactly what is wrong with them yet they are not able to help themselves. Fk has also been found with very busy persons/executives and it serves as a defense mechanism to reduce awareness of their affectional anxiety.

Interpretation of F:

F may represent impoverished type of perception provided lack of shading, color, and movement responses. Presence of F response in reasonable number with shading, color, and movement do not indicate a limited or impoverished view of the world but they indicate that the individual is capable of handling situations in an impersonal way. When there is predominance of F responses at the expense of color and shading, may indicate that the person remains aware of his inner values, needs, and impulses. Predominance of F responses at the expense of movement (but color), it may indicate that the person is impoverished in the sense of lack of awareness of inner impulses, while he remains emotionally reactive to the impact of outer world. However, the relationship of F to M, FC, Fc and FK, F%, and Form-level rating, should be examined before arriving on above interpretation.

Interpretation of c:

The c (small c) response may indicate an infantile, undifferentiated, crude need for affection and its presence or absence and the degree of differentiation (c vs. cF vs. Fc) is related to the degree of awareness and differentiation of the person's needs from affection and dependency. Crude c responses are rarely seen in normal protocols and it is a sign of serious organic brain damage.

Interpretation of cF:

The cF (small c cap F) responses indicate an early need for closeness, a need to be held and fondled and an deprivation of infantile dependence. It may also indicate the presence of a craving, an awareness of affectional need. The cF appears in persons who have serious frustration of affectional need in early childhood. However, the absence of cF does not indicate absence of such frustration. The infantile craving for contact is also expressed through sexual relationships. The content of cF such as soft, furry may indicate better satisfaction than cold, rough or hard concept.

Interpretation of Fc:

Fc (capF small c) responses, like cF, reflect an interest in the tactual qualities of the blot material with an ability to use these aspects in a differentiated way. The Fc response may suggest that the individual is aware of infantile craving for contact and has control over his manifestation. It indicates an awareness of and acceptance of affectional needs experienced in terms of desire for approval, belongingness, and response from others. More number of Fc may indicate that affectional need plays a disproportionate role in adjustment and a kind of dependency on the affection of others. The lack of Fc does not imply lack of affectional need and it may be interpreted as denial and reluctance to accept it. Perception of hard surfaces may indicate somewhat more deprivation than those of soft surfaces.

Interpretation of C’; C’F, and FC’:

Presence of C’ with full of C (color) responses may indicate a rich and uniform reaction to all kinds of stimuli presented to the person and such combination is often found in artistically impressionable person. When the subject perceive C’ with little use of chromatic color, it suggest that some kind of traumatic experience is interfering the perception and resulting in withdrawal. This is also known as the "burnt child" reaction. This interpretation is applicable if the ratio of C’, C’F, FC’+ Fc, cF, c: C, CF, FC is 2:1.

Interpretation of FC:

The FC has been found as one of the most dependable sings of good adjustment. It may indicate a ready control over emotional impact and that the person is able to make pleasant response to social situations. When FC over numbers the CF, it may indicate good control over emotionality and preponderance of CF over FC may indicate uncontrolled emotionality. (For detailed interpretation see Klopfer et.al. 1954, pages 296-297).

Interpretation of CF:

The CF normally represents an uncontrolled reactivity. The subject produces natural CF response when he is influenced by color rather than by form, such as “looks like blood on card II”. The natural CF combination indicates uncontrolled but appropriate emotional response to the demands of social situation. The CF combination thus has both positive and negative implications which can be judged by FC: (CF+C) balance. Even If CF outnumbers FC, but there is an adequate balance of M, FK, and Fc, the CF would indicate good control over emotional reaction. However, the content of CF, M and FM is equally important to see the reactivity of emotions and uncontrolled aggression.

Interpretation of C Responses:

Like CF responses, the subject determines C response only by color. C responses are scored in the following four ways with their interpretation:

Crude C is scored for a repeated use of color without any form. Crude C responses are indicators of a lack of emotional control with explosive emotionality. The crude C is rarely seen except in young children and deteriorated organics and is considered pathological indicators.

2. Color Naming (Cn):

The subject simply indentifies the color without integrating it with form or meaning. The individuals who perceive Cn responses are incapable of handling his reaction with integrated control. It is a rare response in adult subjects and often seen in psychotic patients.

3. Color Description (Cdes):

The subject describes the color without integrating it with the form of the blot into a meaningful concept. Color description indicates that the person is strongly moved by emotional impact but he is able to control his overt expressions.

4. Color Symbolism (Csym):

The subject attaches meaning to the blot concept through color symbolism, but fails to integrate color with the form of the blot. The Csym indicates that the subject is strongly moved by emotional impact though he has outward control.

Interpretation of the Quantitative Summary (Quantitative Analysis):

The interpretation of Indices is based on Klopfer’s system. Those who are interested in Beck and Exner’s system should consult their respective manual. The brief interpretation based on Klopfer’s system is described here. Readers are requested to see Klopfer’s book “Developments in the Rorschach Technique Vol 1 1954 (Chaper 10, 11, 12, pages 249-375)” for detailed interpretation.

The analysis of quantitative data helps in understanding the function of the personality. Various ratios and percentages form the basis for the qualitative interpretation of the sequence analysis. Because of the basic lacuna in the interpretation of quantitative data, you may not be able to interpret the protocol in some cases. However, the analysis of the contents may be more helpful at this point.

Inner Resources and Impulse Life:

As per Klopfer “none of the ratios may be interpreted unless there are at least three M responses”. Many researchers raised questions why the protocol of an individual should not be interpreted if the subject failed to perceive three human movement responses? When the individual gives a low number of total responses (R), it is likely that a low number of M responses will also be projected. The theory of projection advocates to interpret the responses perceived by the subject, whether it is high or low. No one can ask the subject to give more human responses, whatever system of Rorschach administration is being followed. Probably because of such inherent lacuna in interpretation of individual protocol, “Content Analysis and Psychoanalytic Interpretation of the responses” has been the only way to handle such fundamental problems (Cassell and Dubey, 2003). In any case, the interpretations of the ratios are as follows:

Ratio of M: FM:

1. FM>2M:

When FM responses are more than twice of M, it may suggest that the person is ruled by immediate needs for gratification rather than long range goals. The impulsive behavior can be ascertained if the CF responses are also exceeding FC responses. However, such ratio is often seen in children who tend to act on impulses without social restraint.

2. M>FM:

When M exceeds FM the impulse life is subordinated to the value system. Such individuals possess self-acceptance and able to defer immediate needs for gratification without frustration and conflict. However, when FM is less than half of M or almost no FM responses, it may indicate that the impulse life is suppressed in the interest of values.

3. M=FM:

When M is almost equal to FM, it may indicate that the impulse life is not in conflict with the value system. This may further indicate that the person is mature and has a well-developed value system with control over the impulses. Such ratio is usually seen in an easy going, happy person.

When both M and FM are very few, it may indicate poor ego and low imaginal ability. Such ratio is often found in young children, psychopaths, and psychotics. However, if there are fem M and FM with good Form level, this may indicate the possibility of neurotic constriction.

Ratio of M: (FM+m):

The normal representation of FM +m should be less than 1½ M. More number of FM+m may indicate that the strong tension is interfering the person to utilize inner resources for the constructive solution of his everyday problems. When M is approximately equal to FM+m with not more than one or two m, the impulse life is well integrated with the value system and that the person is able to utilize his inner resources.

Organization of Affectional Need:

Ratio of Differentiated to Undifferentiated Shading Responses:

When the undifferentiated shading responses (K, KF, k, kF, c, and cF) outnumber the differentiated shading responses (Fc and FK), it may indicate poor integration of affectional needs leading to serious maladjustment.

Ratio of F: (FK+Fc):

Generally Fc responses appear more than FK in majority of protocols. However, where FK is more than Fc, it may indicate that the person is able to have control of affectional anxiety rather than stressing over affectional need.

When FK+Fc exceed three-quarters of F responses, the need for affection has developed to such an extent that it threatens to swamp the rest of the personality. The rejection of early life affectional needs might lead to such behavior.

When differentiated shading responses are between ¼ and ¾ of F responses, it may indicate that the need for affection has developed well and is integrated with the rest of the personality organization. Such individuals tend to have good interaction with other people.

When the differentiated shading responses are less than one-quarter of the F responses, it suggests that the person lives in denial and has underdevelopment of the need for affection.

Achromatic to Chromatic Responses:

This ratio refers to (Fc+c+C’): (FC+CF+C)

When the achromatic are more than twice the chromatic responses, it may indicate that the person has traumatic experiences leading to withdrawal. Such individuals avoid interaction with others for fear of being hurt by their responses.

When the shading responses outnumbered two to one by color responses, the affectional need does not unduly influence the natural responsiveness to emotional situations.

When the chromatic responses exceed achromatic responses by two to one or more, the person may act out to emotional situations from the environment. The reactivity to emotional situation is further supported if there are more CF+C than FC responses.

Constrictive Control:

F%, (percentage of Form Responses):

When F appears in moderate quantity, it may indicate controlled adjustment. Such persons are able to be impersonal on many occasions but react to their own needs and to strong emotional impact from outside.

2. F%>80%:

When F responses are more than 80%, the individual has poor personality organization and low intellectual functioning. An overemphasis on F may be considered as pathological and often seen in mentally subnormal, psychopathic personalities and organic patients.

When F% is between 50-80 percent, it may indicate that the person is likely to suffer from "neurotic constriction". Such persons are intellectually capable of more differentiated response but inhibit and act to their emotional reactions.

4. F%<20%:

When F is less than 20 percent it may indicate that the person places little emphasis on maintaining an impersonal relationship with his world.

Total of F plus Differentiated Shading Responses: (FK+F+Fc)%:

When the total of F and differentiated shading responses exceeds 75 per cent, it may indicate neurotic constriction. However, if F% is about 50 with moderate number of FK and Fc, the person may have "modified constriction" but is able to live effectively without bothering others.

Emotional Reactivity to the Environment:

Ratio of FC (CF+C):

1. FC>(CF+C):

When FC is more than CF+C, the person has control over impulsive expression of emotionality. He is capable of control over his responses to social environment even under strong emotional impact. However, if CF+C are totally absent it may indicate excessive control and the socialized responses shown tend to be superficial.

2. FC<(CF+C):

When CF+C are more than FC, it may indicate weak control over emotionality and the person tends to react in overt expression.

Sum C:

If Sum C is less than three it may indicate that the person has little influences from the environmental forces. As such Sum C indicates overt reactivity.

Percentage of Responses to Card VIII+IX+X:

When there are more than 40 per cent of the responses to Cards VIII+IX+X (about 20% to Card X alone), it indicates that the productivity of the person is stimulated by environmental impact also known as (Extratensive balance). If the responses to last three cards are less than 30%, the individual is inhibited while reacting to environmental impact (also known as Introversive balance).

RT Chromatic VS Achromatic Cards:

If the average RT for chromatic cards exceed achromatic cards by more than 10 seconds, it may indicate that the person is disturbed by emotional impact from the environment. Contrary to this if RT for achromatic cards is more than chromatic, it may indicate disturbance when environmental stimuli touches the area of affectional need.

Intellectual Manner of Approach:

The percentages of various locations are related to the intellectual manner of approach and generally found in the following percentages:

W% 20%-30%

D% 45%-55%

d% 5%-15%

Interpretation of W%:

1. W% over 30% with High Form Level:

When there is emphasis on W with good quality, it indicates organizational ability and interest. Such individuals are capable to integrate separate facts into a meaningful organization and making scene of their world. This is often found with persons of superior intelligence.

2. W% Over 30% with Form Level Mediocre but Organizational Effort:

When W responses are more than 30 percent with mediocre form and there is an effort to organize different parts of the inkblots, may indicate that the person has a compulsive need to do the big thing in an intellectual sense, though in realty he lacks intellectual capacity.

When W responses are over 30 percent with vague form may indicates little effort to organize experience. Such findings are often found in persons with inferior intellectual capacity.

When W responses are less than 20 percent, it may indicate a low degree of interest in organizing relationships between the separate facts of experience.

Types of W Response:

W cut responses indicates an interest in organizing different aspects though they may not fit rightly. An overemphasis on W may indicate an overcritical and perfectionist approach.

DW responses are known as overgeneralization and indicate very weak association with reality. Among children DW may be considered normal but in adults over emphasis on DW may be strong indicators of schizophrenia.

W: M Ratio:

This ratio may indicate the ability of the person to mobilize his creative energies to back up his interests and ambition and his level of aspiration.

When W is twice of M, it may indicate that the person has organizational interest with enough creative potential for intellectual achievement. He has high level of aspiration with supporting resources. This ratio is known as “optimum”, but there should be at least 3 M and 6 W responses.

2. W>2M:

When W is greater than twice M the level of aspiration is too high and the productive resources might be very low. A ratio of 3:1 or higher would be a negative sign.

W<2M:

When W is less than 2M, with a ratio 1:2, it indicates that the person has creative potential but had no opportunity to utilize it.

Interpretation of D%:

1. D % >55%, Form Level Good:

When D is more than 55% with good form level, it indicates that the individual has ability to differentiate perceptually with little interest in integration and organization. The person has practical application of intelligence, without much drive to seek relationships between presented facts of experience. This ratio may indicate insecurity in a person with superior intelligence.

When D is less than 45% with mediocre or poor form level, it may indicate that the person sticks to the practical, everyday, common-sense view of things because he is not capable of more integrated view.

3. D%<45%:

When D is less than 45% with low form level, it may indicate that the person is unable to differentiate between the facts around him, because he has defective intellectual capacity or emotional disturbance.

Interpretation of d%:

1. d %>15%:

When d is more than 15%, it may indicate that the person has basic insecurity.

2. d%<5%:

When d is less than 5%, it may indicate that the person has low level of interest.

Interpretation of (Dd and S) %:

If the percentage of Dd and S is 10% or less this does not require any explanation. When it exceed at the expense of D, it may indicate little concern with the practical facts of experience. If both W and D are decreasing, it may indicate departure from reality and an indicator of psychosis.

Emphasis on dd:

An emphasis on dd indicates obsessional trends and insecurity.

The de is scored when only the edge area of the blot is selected to make a response. An over emphasis on de may indicate a fear to get involved deeply into anything. Very often dd responses are found in patients suffering from anxiety states.

A di is scored when the inside shaded portion of the blot is used to make a response. The di response with good form level rating is found with intelligent and artistic subjects and the di responses with minus form-level rating are characteristic of a schizoid personality.

The dr is scored where an unusual location is used which cannot be classified as dd, de, or di. An over emphasis on dr indicates compulsive traits.

S responses may indicate oppositional tendency in the intellectual sphere. The S implies an intellectual kind of opposition, a putting of the self across; it is the self -assertive aspect of intellectuality. It is also considered an indication of ego-strength and the personality has resources to resist inundation by environmental forces.

Other Proportions Relating to Intellectual Aspects:

Number of Responses (R):

A small number of responses may indicate low productivity and large numbers may indicate high productivity. However, the quality of W plays major role to decide the productivity. The average number of responses reported on Western population falls within a range of 20 to 45, and Indian population falls in the range of 15-40.

Response Time:

Less than 30 seconds is considered as quick and normal RT. A reaction time over one minute indicates slow mental processes, low intellectual capacity and sign of depression.

Proportion of (H+A): (Hd+Ad)

If detail responses are more than 50% of H+A, it may indicate overcritical attitude, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive characteristics.

Number of Popular Responses (P):

The average number of popular responses generally found in various studies is five, in an average record of 15 to 45 responses. The average number of popular responses indicates that the person tends to see the world like others and have adequate contact with reality. The fewer popular responses indicate low contact with reality and the person is viewing the world differently. It may be considered psychotic indicators particularly if the person is unable to perceive popular response even on the “Testing the Limits”. If the person has given eight or more popular responses, it indicates good contact with reality, seeing the world as others and strong indicators of “Team Building”. Such persons can agree with others or will be able to influence others to agree with their views/opinion.

Number of Original Responses (O):

The Original Response is one that does not appear more than once in a hundred records and the scoring of Original should not be undertaken by beginners. Usually it should be scored by the examiners who have enough experience of administering Rorschach with variety of patients. The Original responses generally indicate level of intelligence. A person with superior intelligence may have twice as many Originals as Popular responses.

Percentage of Animal Responses (A %):

People easily perceive Animal content on in the inkblots and the optimum number is about 20 to 35 per cent. The A% over 50 may indicate either low intellectual capacity or disturbed adjustment and such person have little interest in their surroundings with a stereotyped views of the world.

Readers are advised to consult Klopfer et al (1954) “Developments in the Rorschach Technique” Vol I, for detailed interpretation of various quantitative ratios.